A recent years. They have evolved into analysis of tumor Abstract— Multiplexed platforms have become a standard feature of modern medicine in the field of histopathology in recent years. They have evolved into powerful technologies that enable image analysis of tumor tissues from formalin- fixed paraffin- embedded specimens, aiming for better assessment of morphology and distinctive alterations at the molecular level of the patient’s sample, which is critical for the pathologist’s diagnosis and classification, with significant implications for the following therapeutic options. And also, in order to gain a better understanding of the tumor microenvironment, which aids cancer prevention by simulating new therapy discoveries. And unlike traditional IHC, which can only identify one marker in a tissue sample, multiplex IHC may detect many markers in a single tissue sample while providing detailed information about the cell composition and spatial arrangement. Reviewing multiplexed technologies is to demonstrate their utility in the study of cancer tissue as well as their benefits for applications in cancer diagnosis, stratifying patients, and accuracy for treatment. Summary: Digital pathology plays a significant part in current clinical practice and becoming an increasingly critical technological necessity in the laboratory environment, Algorithms for image analysis and artificial intelligence have the potential to further increase the quality of diagnostics in pathology. Keywords— Digital pathology; Molecular diagnostics; IHC & MIHC Techniques; cancers. 

Abstract

Gall bladder cancers, predominantly adenocarcinomas, are associated with significant malignancy and are more common in women, especially in their seventh decade of life. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence, distribution, and histopathological characteristics of gall bladder tumors, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and understanding the role of chronic cholecystitis in tumor development. A retrospective analysis was performed on 45740 surgical biopsies, including 3107 cholecystectomies, from 1994 to 2007 at Misurata Medical Center, Libya. Data collected included patient demographics, clinical details, and microscopic diagnoses. Biopsy samples were processed and stained, and histopathological evaluation was performed following standard criteria. The study showed a female predominance in gall bladder tumors with a female: male ratio of 3:1. Most tumors were adenocarcinomas (83.33%), with high and moderate differentiation being the most frequent. Tumor diagnoses were most prevalent in the 51-65 age group. The majority of tumors were diagnosed at advanced stages (3 and 4). Tumor invasion was common, with 75% showing perivascular, intravascular, or perineural involvement. Chronic cholecystitis was observed in more than two-thirds of the tumor cases. Chronic inflammation is closely linked to gallbladder carcinogenesis, with most tumors diagnosed at advanced stages due to vague symptoms and aggressive behavior. Early detection and multidisciplinary approaches are vital to improve outcomes, especially in high-risk groups.

Abstract

Microscopic diagnosis of gastrointestinal biopsies remains a challenge in surgical pathology, involving both neoplastic and non-neoplastic changes. This study aims to analyze the prevalence, histopathological features, and grading of gastrointestinal (GIT) tumors in biopsies collected over 12.5 years at Misurata Medical Center, Libya, while assessing demographic patterns and the correlation of Helicobacter pylori infection with gastric malignancies. A total of 753 GIT biopsies were retrospectively analyzed from 1995 to 2007. Clinical data, including age, sex, and microscopic diagnoses, were documented. Biopsies underwent histopathological evaluation using the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software to explore relationships between neoplastic lesions and demographic factors. Non-neoplastic diseases accounted for 559 cases, which constitute 74.24% of the total cases, while neoplastic lesions were identified in 194 cases (25.76%). with a statistically significant predominance of malignant tumors (68.6%) over benign ones (31.4%, p<0.001). A slight male predominance was observed in overall biopsies (52.2%), with the 61-70 age group showing the highest frequency (17.4%). Well-differentiated tumors were more common, correlating with better prognoses. The TNM staging analysis revealed a concerning trend toward late-stage diagnoses, particularly in stomach and colorectal cancers. The investigation into Helicobacter pylori positivity indicated a complex relationship with gastric malignancies, warranting further research. The findings reflect a high burden of GIT malignancies during the study period, with late-stage diagnosis and limited diagnostic resources. These results underscore the need for improved screening programs, early detection efforts, and enhanced diagnostic infrastructure in Libya. The study underscores the importance of understanding the multifactorial influences of Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer development.

This study was conducted to evaluate the surface roughness, shore hardness, and dimensional accuracy of commercially obtainable Prosthodontic polymer impression material in terms of imbibition after immersion in two different media and without disinfection. This in vitro study was designed to investigate the surface properties of polymer impression materials before and after disinfection by immersion. Materials with different consistencies (alginate (irreversible hydrocolloid), condensation silicone (putty), and addition silicone (putty) impression materials) were investigated. The tested null hypothesis was the fact that there would be no significant differences in surface properties among these Prosthodontic polymer impression materials. Two disinfecting agents, Zeta 7 solution and ASEPTOPRINT, were used to assess the surface roughness, hardness, and dimensional accuracy of the impression material. The weights of the discs of the Prosthodontic polymer impression material samples were measured before and immediately after immersion to determine if there was a change in the properties of the material. study was conducted at the Advanced Medical Polymer Group in the Libyan Polymer Research Center to evaluate the surface properties of prosthodontic polymer impression materials. Data analysis included mean, standard deviation, and One-way ANOVA calculations. The study showed that the surface properties of dental polymer impression materials were affected by disinfection methods. Specifically, for alginate material, there were significant differences in surface properties between the control group (before immersion) and after immersion in zeta 7 solution and ASEPTOPRINT spray. However, for addition silicone (putty), there was a significant difference in surface properties between the control group and after immersion in zeta 7 solution, while immersion in spray did not show a significant difference. For condensation silicone (putty) material, there were significant differences in surface properties between the control group

Abstract

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting women of reproductive age. This study investigates the prevalence of PCOS, focusing on patient-related and disease-related factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to explore obstetricians' and gynecologists' perspectives on the diagnosis, prevalence, and management of PCOS. A total of 35 specialists, each with at least three years of clinical experience, participated. The survey included open-ended questions covering patient-related factors (e.g., symptoms, lifestyle) and disease-related aspects (e.g., prevalence, diagnostic methods, treatment). Data were collected through face-to-face interviews from January to April 2022, ensuring confidentiality and standardized procedures to minimize bias. This study analyzed PCOS's prevalence, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The highest prevalence (62.9%) was observed in the 20–29 age group, declining with age. Unknown causes accounted for 51.42% of cases, followed by hormonal and genetic factors (41.42% each). Menstrual irregularity (80%) was the most common symptom. Ultrasound was the primary diagnostic tool (82.85%), while metformin was the most prescribed treatment (71.42%). PCOS was the most prevalent condition among gynecological disorders (57.14%). These findings highlight the significant burden of PCOS and the need for improved management strategies. Our study concluded that the PCOS remains a significant health concern both globally and within Libya. Highlights the necessity for heightened awareness, early screening, and tailored management strategies. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying causes of regional prevalence variations and to develop culturally appropriate interventions that address the unique needs of the Libyan female population.

Keywords: PCOS, Hyperandrogenism, Endocrine Disorders, Infertility.

Abstract

A hallmark of malignancy is the ability of a tumor to disseminate and metastasize, a process that requires specific cellular adaptations. The American Joint Committee on Cancer developed the TNM staging system to classify malignancies and guide treatment strategies, reflecting the biological behavior and clinical outcomes of cancers. Despite its usefulness, ongoing efforts aim to identify additional diagnostic and prognostic parameters to improve accuracy and treatment outcomes. One such parameter is tumor budding, a distinctive morphological feature observed in epithelial cancers. tumor budding is characterized by single tumor cells or small clusters of up to four cells that detach from the invasive front and invade the surrounding stroma. First described in colorectal cancer, tumor budding has since been widely investigated and recognized as a predictor of adverse outcomes, including lymph node invasion, local and distant metastasis, lymph vascular invasion, and poor survival rates across multiple cancer types. Independent of pathological stage, tumor budding correlates with aggressive tumor behavior, highlighting its prognostic significance. In urothelial cancers, tumor budding has been linked to stage progression, distant metastasis, and survival outcomes, particularly in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and muscle-invasive bladder cancer. This review examines the mechanisms underlying tumor budding, its clinical significance across various tumor types, and its prognostic implications in epithelial cancers. Understanding these factors could provide valuable insights into integrating tumor budding into routine pathological assessments and improving cancer management strategies

Abstract

This study aimed to assess bariatric obesity surgery as an alternative to anti-obesity strategies. Forty-five bariatric patients were consecutively selected for participation. Information on each patient's demographics, weight, height, and comorbidities was gathered, followed by the use of the Bariatric Quality of Life Questionnaire. 60% of patients reported feeling exhausted prior to the procedure; however, this percentage dramatically decreased to only 33.33% after bariatric surgery. Furthermore, before surgery, 66% of patients had a history of sleep apnea and breathing cessation during sleep, and 46% of patients had a history of snoring. Following the bariatric procedure, these problems were fixed. The psychiatric assessment section indicated that 53.33% of patients experienced depression following gastric surgery. Additionally, 46.66% of patients reported persistent feelings of anger and anxiety. Post-operative concerns included fears of gastric leaks, loss of happiness, diminished passion, remorse after surgery, sleep disorders, and suicidal thoughts, each occurring at varying rates. Only 33.33% of participants had received psychological support. Patients frequently report significant improvements in their health and quality of life after bariatric surgery, which is the most long-lasting and successful treatment option for morbid obesity. However, a significant minority of patients experience psychological complications, including, but not limited to post post-gastric surgery depression, patients always feel angry and have anxiety.

The purpose of this in-vitro study was to compare the fracture toughness of monolithic zirconia and multilayered zirconia, two commonly used materials in prosthodontic restorations. Fracture toughness is a key mechanical property that determines a material’s resistance to crack propagation under stress, which is crucial for the longevity and performance of dental restorations. A total of 20 zirconia discs (10 monolithic and 10 multilayered) were fabricated using Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology. The discs were subjected to loading and fracture toughness was measured using the indentation method with a Vickers micro-hardness tester. The fracture toughness values for monolithic zirconia (Group 1) were significantly higher than those for multilayered zirconia (Group 2), with mean values of 5.394 ± 0.378 MPa·m1/2and 4.358 ± 0.394 MPa·m1/2, respectively (p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that monolithic zirconia offers superior mechanical performance, making it a more suitable material for high-stress applications, while multilayered zirconia may be preferred for anterior restorations, where esthetics are prioritized. The study highlights the trade-off between mechanical strength and esthetic appeal in the selection of zirconia materials for dental restorations and provides valuable insights for optimizing material choice in clinical prosthodontics.

The diverse array of restorative materials utilized in computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology necessitates a comprehensive understanding of their aesthetic properties and color stability. This study aimed to evaluate the color stability of two different types of zirconia after immersion in Chlorhexidine and ANTIPLACA mouthwashes. We prepared 30 zirconia specimens (n = 15) as follows: Group 1 consisted of monolithic zirconia and group 2 consisted of KATANA™ YML Zirconia. Groups 1 and 2 were divided into three subgroups (n = 5). Each subgroup was immersed in one of the following three solutions: distilled water (control), CHX, or ANTIPLACA 0%Alcohol. We recorded the samples’ color values at baseline and after immersion according to the CIELab system by using a color spectrophotometer operated by an experienced operator. All data were collected and analyzed using Graph Pad Instat (Graph Pad, Inc.) software for windows. Irrespective of group totally it was found that immersion solutions significantly affected on mean values as revealed by two-way ANOVA test (p=<0.0001< 0.05) where (0% Alcohol > CHX ≥ DW). Mouthwashes staining had a marked effect on the color of the tested zirconia materials. The color change was material and staining solution-dependent, with Monolithic Zirconia showing the greatest color stability.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the microhardness of monolithic zirconia and multilayered zirconia to investigate the influence of material composition and structural design on their mechanical properties. Cylindrical specimens were designed using AutoCAD software and fabricated from monolithic zirconia (Group A) and multilayered zirconia (Group B blocks via CAD/CAM milling systems. The specimens were sectioned into discs with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 1.5 mm. Microhardness testing was performed on these discs using a standardized protocol. Statistical analysis was conducted using a student’s t-test (P < 0.05) with a sample size of 10 specimens per group to ensure 80% power and 95% confidence. Results revealed significant differences in microhardness between monolithic and multilayered zirconia. Monolithic zirconia exhibited superior hardness, attributable to its single-layered structure, which enhances its mechanical strength and wear resistance. In contrast, multilayered zirconia, while exhibiting lower microhardness, demonstrated esthetic advantages due to its gradient layering and maintained sufficient durability for clinical use. The findings underscore the impact of zirconia composition and structural design on mechanical properties, providing clinicians with valuable insights for material selection. While monolithic zirconia is ideal for high-load posterior restorations, multilayered zirconia offers an esthetic solution with adequate mechanical performance, making it suitable for anterior applications.