Abstract— Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow out of control and spread to other body parts. cancer is an ongoing global challenge. It is a leading cause of disease worldwide. Most cancer deaths each year are related to lung, colorectal, stomach, and breast cancers. Detection of disease in early stages, enabling more effective treatment and reducing morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of different types of cancers in Libya. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out, the data was collected by visiting the Oncology Centre in Misrata, reviewing the records, and recording data on the prevalence of different types of tumours from 2018 to 2022. Results: The number of cases rises every year, the overall number of cancer cases is rising annually: 1198 cases were reported in 2018, 1143 cases in 2019, 1422 cases in 2020, 1533 cases in 2021, and 1640 cases in 2022. The breast cancer was the most prevalent type of cancer during the period 2018-2022, the following results were recorded 21.45%, 20.9%, 22.6% 24.9% and 23.7% respectively. Followed by colon cancer was recorded at 16.4%, 15.7%, 17.2%, 18.4% and 15.6 respectively, followed by lung cancer was recorded at 7.8%, 7.9%, 10.6%, 8% and 9%. the fourth to ten grades are often confined between lymphoma, ovary, prostate, leukemia, pancreas, sarcoma and brain tumor. According to our results, we concluded that there is a clear increase in the number of cases of various types of cancer in Libya every year. Early detection is the first line of defence against this dangerous disease. People need to be sensitised to regular check-ups. The government should provide the requirements for detection and treatment.

Keywords— Breast cancer, Colon cancer, Lung cancer, Lymphoma, Ovary cancer, Prostate cancer, Leukemia, Pancreas cancer, Sarcoma and Brain tumor, Prevalence of cancer in Libya.

ABSTRACT

Diagnostic radiation such as X-rays and CT scans play a central role in the diagnosis of diseases. Excessive radiation exposure poses a high risk for healthcare providers as well as patients, which may cause serious diseases such as cancer. Providing protection requirements in the radiation departments and continuous inspection to prevent radiation leakage is the right way to provide human protection. The current study aimed to evaluate the safety rate in the diagnostic radiology departments in Alkhoms City. The questionnaire designed for the study in Arabic language, presented to experts for verification and review, then distributed to eleven medical centres in the Alkhoms region containing many relevant questions regarding the radiology department such as the name and address of a medical centre, in-formation about users and safety. Lead plates are present in 91% of health centres 36% of health centres installed lead plates for 1-5 years, 27% for 6-10 years, and 36% for 21 years or more. Lead plates are inspected once in 27%, three times in 9%, and four times or more in 9% of medical centres, on the other hand, 56% of medical centres didn’t inspect lead plates since installed. The lead plates last examined in 27% of medical centres a year ago, in 9% examined less than five years ago, and in 9% examined less than twenty years ago. On the other hand, 56% of medical centres have not performed any check-ups since installation. Protection glass and lead plates are present in 82% of medical centres, a radiation protection gown is present in 36%, and a dosimeter is present in 9% of medical centres only. Only 18% of health centres have organised a training programme for their radiology department staff. The safety rate in radiology departments in Alkhoms City- Libya is low because most medical centres lack protective equipment, and if they do, there is no regular inspection or testing of this equipment.

Key words: X-rays, Radiation, CT, Risk of radiation, Dosimeter.

ABSTRACT Errors in handwritten prescriptions are a major factor in medical errors and are the main cause of harm to patients due to the lack of clarity of the prescription or the lack of correct data, which leads to the prescription of the wrong medication, causing adverse events. The present study aimed to identify the common errors in handwriting prescriptions in Zliten City. To collect information about errors in handwritten prescriptions, we used two models: first, we distributed fifty-one questionnaires to fifty-one pharmacies distributed in all areas of Zliten city, and second, we collected one hundred and fifty prescriptions from different health facilities distributed in different areas within Zliten city. The questionnaires and prescriptions then analysed to identify medical errors. In the first model of the questionnaire, the results are as follows: the patient's name and age are often present, while the gender, doctor's name, and stamp are often absent. The main issue lies in the clarity of the font for the drug's name, dose, and dosage form. In the second model of the prescriptions, the results are as follows: the patient's name is mostly present, while gender and diagnosis are absent in about 40% of the prescriptions, the doctor's name is mostly absent, and only 2% of the prescriptions have the doctor's stamp and number in the syndicate, and the main issue lies in the clarity of the font for the drug's name, dose, and dosage form., as it is unclear in between 20-30% of the prescriptions. We found that the patient's information is present in most prescriptions the opposite of the questionnaire in which it is less. Also in the prescriber's information, the analysis in our result for prescription contradicted the questionnaires, as most prescribers in the questionnaire are present, we also found that during the analysis of drug information in prescription not clear more than in the questionnaire. From this research, we concluded that there are many errors in prescriptions, possibly because of the large number of cases that need to be seen by the doctor and the speed of writing, and perhaps because doctors forget the vocabulary of the names of medicines. Because of the many errors in handwritten prescriptions, we must immediately switch to computerized prescription writing.

Keywords. Medical Prescription, Medical Errors, Prescription Errors.

Abstract:

Background: Oxidative stress is a key factor in the neurodegenerative disorder. Free radicals may play an important role. Nitric oxide may be implicated in neurotoxicity by a reaction with superoxide, which forms a highly toxic peroxynitrite radical.

Aim: This research aimed to investigate the role of nitric oxide in neuronal damage through Immunohistochemical study.

Material and method: The experiment was divided into 9 groups, each group containing 6 rats selected randomly. Group 1: control normal saline. Group 2: Aβ(1-42). Group 3: L-arginine. Group 4: L-NAME. Group 5: 7-nitroindazole Group 6: donepezil. Group 7: donepezil+ L-arginine. Group 8: donepezil+ L-NAME. Group 9: donepezil+7-nitroindazole. Neurotoxicity was induced by injection of Aβ(1-42) into the rat entorhinal cortex of all animals except the control normal saline group. After the end of the experiment brain was removed quickly for histopathological study.

Results: Aβ(1-42) significantly elevated COX-2 level when compared with control. when compared with Aβ treated rats, L-arginine, L-NAME, 7-nitroindazole and donepezil separately did not improve the changes in COX-2 level. The combination of donepezil with 7-NI is back to normal.

Conclusion: we concluded that NO plays a central role in neurotoxicity and the regulation of NO level is the key to stability and prevention of neurodegenerative disorder.

Keywords: Oxidative stress, Neuroinflammation, Beta amyloid, L- NAME, Donepezil, L-arginine, Nitric oxide, 7-nitroindazole.

Hypertension is known to be a major disease that causes advanced and continuous high levels of blood pressure in the human circulation system. The initiative mechanism of action of hypertension starts with an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) that exists in two forms (endothelial and soluble in blood). Normally, the disease is treated by chemically prepared medication which may cause health complications. Despite that, the current article attempted to find alternatives to the chemically prepared medications including bioactive compounds (antihypertensive peptides) derived from meat products. The aim of this research was to determine the antihypertensive activity of hybrid peptides from muscle proteins of fresh beef and pastirma (dry-cured muscles). The beef and pastirma were digested with pepsin and trypsin to generate miscellaneous but not specific bioactive peptides. The samples were subjected to in vitro analyses to evaluate their ACE inhibitory activity using a substrate (HHL) representing angiotensin. Effects of processing and dry-curing treatment, which normally causes a lysis action on the chemical structure of proteins in beef and pastirma were also investigated. As a result, the processing of beef into pastirma degrades the major proteins such as MHC (200kDa) and many enzymes including: β-galactosidase, Phosphorylase B, Lactate Dehyrogenase, Trypsinogene into small peptides. Hydrolysates in fresh beef and pastirma with protein concentration of 5.65 and 6.09mg/ml showed inhibition rates against ACE activity of 83 and 79%, respectively. The biological values (IC50) of antihypertensive activity were 0.68 and 0.78 mg/ml for fresh meat and pastirma, respectively. Proteins in fresh beef have remarkable ACE inhibitory activities, which makes it a potent model for sourcing bioactive peptides to treat hypertensive abnormalities. We suggest that miscellaneous peptides from fresh meat will provide nutraceutical compounds after digestion by intestinal proteases. Hybrid bioactive peptides may differ in potency and duration of action against ACE activity. However, data indicated that it is not necessary to process meat into pastirma to enhance its biological activities. These findings demonstrated the protective effect of bioactive peptides derived from beef demonstrate that they are of significant importance for therapeutic interventions of hypertension-related complications.

Keywords: Antihypertensive Activity; Bioactive Peptides; Pastirma; Protein

Abstract :

Antibody tests can identify people with a resolving or past severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and thereby help researchers and public health experts better understand the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. This study is a retrospective study that included 187 Libyan individuals, who attended Attshkhesy (the diagnostic) laboratory in Alkhoms City, Libya, between January 01, 2021, and August 28, 2021. The mean ages of males and females were 48.8 and 46.8, respectively. The study utilized the CLIA quantitative antibody test. To perform the CLIA quantitative antibody test, a high throughput assay apparatus known as the YHLO - iFlash 1800 Chemiluminescence Immunoassay Analyzer was utilized, along with assay reagents called iFlash-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG (manufactured by YHLO Biotech, Shenzhen, China). In female subjects, the concentration of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 IgM was higher than that of IgG in all age groups. Interestingly, in male subjects, the results showed the opposite, where the concentration of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 IgG was much higher than that of IgM in all age groups. When male data were plotted against the female data, the concentration of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 IgM in females was much higher than that of IgM in males in all age groups. Merged IgM-male and IgM-female results showed that IgM concentrations were higher in females than males at all age groups, which means that the incidence of recent COVID-19 infection was higher in females than in males. On the other hand, the IgG antibody prevalence in females was always higher than in males except at age groups 41-50 years and 51-60 years, which can be used as an indicator of high acquired immunity among females due to possible reinfection of females with COVID-19 virus.

The aim of this study was to partially determine the nutritional and functional properties of cookies enriched with green lentil dietary flour proposed for children. The proposed cookies were enriched with lentil dietary flour at different concentrations, at the expense of the proportion of wheat flour. The cookies were divided into three different groups based on different formulas, the first group was without green lentil (control), while the other two groups were enriched cookies with green lentil flour “6%” and “12%”.

Results of protein analysis showed that cookies with 6% lentil flour had the highest protein content. Results of protein solubility indicated that cookies fortified with green lentil flour had the highest extraction values in comparison to the control samples. The molecular weight of proteins from ingredients (lentils, wheat, skimmed milk, whey protein, and egg), extracted by high ionic strength buffers, remained unchanged. The combination of ingredients normally impacts a change in proteins, but the major proteins preserve their nutritional characteristics even after being mixed in different formulas. The results showed that the dry matter and ash contents of cookie samples increased by the addition of lentil dietary flour. Colour measurement results showed that the control samples had the highest L* values, while samples of  resulted in acceptable quality characteristics in both cookie types (6 and 12%). Overall, data indicates cookies enriched with green lentil dietary flour have fortified their protein and phytochemical contents. The utilization of protein powder derived from lentils may enhance the nutritional quality and functional properties of cookies that can be proposed for school and pre-school kids.

Globally, many studies are being conducted on foods, especially processed items, which actually play a role in changing the genetic characteristics of humans due to the genetic changes caused by these foods. Clear efforts are being made to use food as a treatment for many diseases by giving specific nutritional advice to specific people based on their genes and how they are affected by particular foods. Among these non-communicable diseases are obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and many lifestyle-related diseases. On the personal level, we are working on disseminating a diet system known as the ancestral diet (A-diet), which is a dietary modification plan that focuses on simplicity, traditions, and plant-based nutrients, inspired by ancient nutrition. The aim of this article was to focus on the importance of age and genetics in dealing with the change in foods intake behaviors and nutritional patterns that each individual consumes based on his/her genes and desires, the latter of which are linked to the lifestyle of each person’s age group. An example of this is the tendency of people to become obese, diabetic, or hypertensive as a result of a certain food. Some sort of food that makes people sick, while it does not effect on other people`s health, and the explanation for this is the difference in genes. While the change and diversity in eating patterns, especially among children and young people have become greatly influenced by the environment, friends, schoolmates, and social media.

Curing produces a characteristic pink color during meat processing through the production of nitrosyl myoglobin (NOMb), which requires nitric oxide (NO). Nitrites and nitrates in coloring agents are crucial NO sources; however, a reducing agent is necessary to facilitate their chemical conversion to NO. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the reducing properties of whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) on the reddening of cured meat products. Cured and cooked sausage models were treated with WPH, which enhanced the reddening of the meat color and increased the a* value in the models compared with that of the controls. Additionally, ethanol-extracted WPH induced Fe3+ reduction, lowered oxidation–reduction potential, and decreased nitrite (NO2 −) levels. Moreover, ethanol-extracted WPH promoted the formation of NOMb in myoglobin solution. This effect was also observed when ethanol-extracted WPH treated with maleimide was used, implying that certain peptides rather than the thiol group of WPH are involved in promoting NOMb formation. Furthermore, the peptides that decreased NO2 − levels were isolated from ethanol-extracted WPH, identified, and synthesized. These synthesized peptides, particularly the FFVAPFPEVFGK peptide, showed NO2 −-reducing activity. Hence, WPH may promote the coloration of cured meat products through the reducing potential of the peptides contained within.

Venison, a type of game meat, has several health benefits because it contains not only high protein and low fat but also bioactive peptides with several physiological properties, including antioxidative and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant activity   of venison treated by in vitro cooking and gastrointestinal digestion. We subjected venison along with pork and beef to in vitro cooking and digestion and assessed their antioxidant activity via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH-RS) and hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (H-ORAC) assays. The peptide contents of all types of cooked and digested meat samples were higher than those of the untreated and cooked samples. The DPPH-RS activities and H-ORAC of digested venison, pork, and beef were increased compared with those of untreated samples. DPPH-RS activity was significantly higher in the

digested venison samples than in the digested pork and beef samples. In this study, several fractions of digested venison from the chromatography exhibited DPPH-RS activity. Peptide analysis, using liquid-chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, unveiled two peptides DIDDLELTLAK and TQTVCNFTDGALVQHQEWDGK with high DPPH-RS activities. Thus, venison is a rich source of antioxidant peptides and potentially demonstrate an antioxidation ability by digestive enzymes in vivo.